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State find most old landfills are leaking chemicals, badly

Kirsti Marohn

MPR News

The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency says contamination from PFAS — so-called “forever chemicals” — has been detected in groundwater at nearly 60 closed landfills, at amounts higher than the state’s acceptable levels for safe drinking water.

Fifteen of the closed, mostly unlined landfills have PFAS contamination at least 10 times higher than the state’s health-based advisory values. One — Gofer Landfill near Fairmont in Martin County — is more than 1,300 times higher.

Carlton County’s former landfill near the current transfer station south of Minnesota Highway 210 is among the leaking facilities.

The findings highlight the ubiquitous nature of PFAS, or per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, a large class of man-made chemicals. They are found in a wide variety of products, including nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, carpet, food packaging and firefighting foam.

Known for their durability, PFAS don’t break down easily and tend to accumulate in the environment, humans and wildlife. Some PFAS have been linked to negative health impacts including low birth weight, kidney and thyroid problems and some cancers.

Most of the focus on PFAS in Minnesota’s drinking water has focused on the east Twin Cities metro area, where chemicals produced for decades by 3M contaminated the water supply of about 140,000 residents. 3M agreed to pay $850 million to settle legal claims filed by the state attorney general.

The latest finding is part of growing evidence that the PFAS problem is much more widespread than previously thought.

“These closed landfills are throughout the state,” MPCA Commissioner Laura Bishop said. “They are in suburbs, greater Minnesota regional centers and small rural communities. They are next to our homes, our businesses and our farms.”

The MPCA said in total, it found PFAS contamination at nearly all — 98 of 101 — closed landfills it tested. The 59 landfills with PFAS levels higher than the safe drinking limits are located in 41 different counties.

The 15 with the highest levels are located across the state — including Pine, and St. Louis counties. The chemicals found at those sites were PFOA and PFOS, the two most well-known PFAS compounds, which are no longer manufactured in the U.S.

Groundwater provides drinking water for about three-fourths of Minnesotans. State health officials set the health-based values to indicate what level of chemicals it considers safe for people to drink over their entire lifetime.

Gofer Landfill, north of Fairmont in Martin County, closed in 1986. The MPCA said multiple PFAS were detected in groundwater at concentrations 1,343 times the health risk limit at that landfill. The agency said it tested all drinking water wells within a mile of the landfill and did not find any PFAS, and the city of Fairmont’s source of drinking water is not affected.

At Louisville Landfill near Shakopee, seven of 12 active groundwater monitoring wells indicated high PFAS levels. An underground fire also started at the landfill in late 2020.

The landfill, located near the Minnesota River in Scott County, closed in 1990. The MPCA plans to test nearby waters and wells.

MPCA officials say the agency will expand water monitoring and testing efforts to get a better idea of the scope of the contamination and if further action is needed, such as providing residents whose wells are affected with bottled water. They also said more study is needed of active landfills, which were not part of the closed landfill monitoring.

Last month, state officials outlined a broad “blueprint” to address PFAS pollution, including designating them as hazardous substances under Minnesota’s Superfund law. State regulators say that would make it easier for the state to hold companies financially liable for cleaning up PFAS pollution.

That proposal and several other PFAS-related bills are under consideration at the Legislature.

The blueprint also calls for state funding — about $3 million over the next two years — for researchers to identify sources of PFAS in the environment, including how the chemicals are coming into landfills, compost sites and wastewater treatment plants and ending up in waters.

The MPCA also requested the ability to use funds from a closed landfill program to address unexpected environmental releases, rather than waiting for the Legislature to approve funding.

Deanna White, state director of the nonprofit Clean Water Action, said the latest discovery isn’t surprising given that products containing PFAS have been used and discarded for years.

“Unfortunately, the chemicals don’t break down,” White said. “So this is just further proof that PFAS contamination is not just an east metro problem or a problem for communities that are close to airports, or even just for communities with landfills with closed landfills. Wherever we test for PFAS, we will likely find it.”

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Carlton County landfill makes list

Heather Cunningham, the zoning and environmental services administrator in Carlton County, provided some background on landfills in the county. One, referred to as No. 2 by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, is on a list of those around the state that are leaking “forever chemicals” into groundwater.

Carlton County operated two landfills until the mid-1990s. The north Carlton County landfill (permit no. SW-102 or Carlton County No. 2), opened in 1972. It is adjacent to the current transfer station south of Minnesota Highway 210, just west of the Interstate 35 interchange. No. 2 was permitted by the MPCA to accept 322,000 cubic yards of waste. Cunningham said the landfill stopped accepting municipal solid waste (household garbage) in 1985, but accepted large bulky items and other resource recovery rejects from the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District until 1993. The landfill was totally closed in 1994 and became part of the MPCA’s Closed Landfill Program in 1997.

Arsenic found in well water near the landfill has been a concern for more than a decade, eventually leading to the proposed water main extension into Twin Lakes Township, a project funded in the bonding bill in the 2020 state legislature.

The south Carlton County landfill (permit no. SW-253 or Carlton County No. 1) is in Moose Lake Township and started accepting waste in 1983 from the City of Moose Lake and southern Carlton County. The MPCA permitted the landfill to accept 77,000 cubic yards of waste. In 1990, the landfill stopped accepting waste and came into the Closed Landfill Program in 1996. This landfill was not on the list of those exceeding accepted levels of “forever chemicals.”

The Minnesota Legislature created the Closed Landfill Program through an act in 1994. It gives the MPCA the responsibility to manage up to 114 closed, state-permitted, mixed municipal solid waste landfills to mitigate risks to the public and the environment.

Here is what the MPCA is doing with those sites:

• Monitoring environmental impacts and site conditions associated with each landfill

• Determining the risk each landfill poses to public health, safety and the environment

• Implementing environmental response actions to help reduce site risks Maintaining the landfill properties, the landfill covers, and operating any remedial systems that are necessary

• Managing land issues on the property the CLP is responsible for and seeking opportunities for reuse, including working with local governments to incorporate land-use controls at and near the landfills.

An investment fund was created 20 years ago to pay for future environmental response actions at landfills. An accumulation of funds the past two decades is now allowing the MPCA to pay for the long-term care costs of the CLP.

Closed landfills must be monitored and managed in perpetuity to protect the environment and human health, the MPCA reports in its CLP website. “They produce contaminated fluids (leachate) and gases that must be managed properly to avoid polluting groundwater or affecting nearby structures.”

There are 110 closed landfills in the program.

Mike Creger, Pine Knot News